Operative Environmental Temperature of an Ectotherm based on Campbell and Norman (1988)

The function estimates body temperatures (C, operative environmental temperature) of an ectotherm using an approximation based on Campbell and Norman (1998) and Mitchell (1976) .

Tb_CampbellNorman(
  T_a,
  T_g,
  S,
  a_s = 0.7,
  a_l = 0.96,
  epsilon = 0.96,
  c_p = 29.3,
  D,
  u
)

Arguments

T_a: numeric air temperature (C).
T_g: numeric ground temperature (C).
S: numeric flux density of solar radiation (W m^-2), combining direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation accounting for view factors.
a_s: numeric organismal solar absorptivity (proportion).
a_l: numeric organismal thermal absorptivity (proportion); 0.965 for lizards (Bartlett and Gates 1967) .
epsilon: numeric longwave infrared emissivity of skin (proportion), 0.95 to 1 for most animals (Gates 1980) .
c_p: numeric specific heat of air (J mol^-1 C^-1).
D: numeric characteristic dimension of the animal (m).
u: numeric wind speed (m s^-1).

Value

numeric operative environmental temperature, T_e (C).

Details

Boundary conductance uses a factor of 1.4 to account for increased convection (Mitchell 1976) . The function assumes forced conduction.

References

Bartlett PN, Gates DM (1967). “The energy budget of a lizard on a tree trunk.” Ecology, 48, 316-322.

Campbell GS, Norman JM (1998). Introduction to environmental biophysics, 2nd ed. edition. Springer, New York. ISBN 0387949372.

Gates DM (1980). Biophysical Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.

Mitchell JW (1976). “Heat transfer from spheres and other animal forms.” Biophysical Journal, 16(6), 561-569. ISSN 0006-3495, doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85711-6 .

Other biophysical models: Grashof_number_Gates(), Grashof_number(), Nusselt_from_Grashof(), Nusselt_from_Reynolds(), Nusselt_number(), Prandtl_number(), Qconduction_animal(), Qconduction_substrate(), Qconvection(), Qemitted_thermal_radiation(), Qevaporation(), Qmetabolism_from_mass_temp(), Qmetabolism_from_mass(), Qnet_Gates(), Qradiation_absorbed(), Qthermal_radiation_absorbed(), Reynolds_number(), T_sky(), Tb_Gates2(), Tb_Gates(), Tb_butterfly(), Tb_grasshopper(), Tb_limpetBH(), Tb_limpet(), Tb_lizard_Fei(), Tb_lizard(), Tb_mussel(), Tb_salamander_humid(), Tb_snail(), Tbed_mussel(), Tsoil(), actual_vapor_pressure(), boundary_layer_resistance(), external_resistance_to_water_vapor_transfer(), free_or_forced_convection(), heat_transfer_coefficient_approximation(), heat_transfer_coefficient_simple(), heat_transfer_coefficient(), saturation_vapor_pressure(), saturation_water_vapor_pressure()

Examples

Tb_CampbellNorman (T_a     = 30, 
                   T_g     = 30, 
                   S       = 823, 
                   a_s = 0.7, 
                   a_l = 0.96, 
                   epsilon = 0.96, 
                   c_p     = 29.3, 
                   D       = 0.17, 
                   u       = 1)
#> [1] 59.54376